Study Participants

The participants were 147 women, ranging equally in age, educational level, and career and lifestyle choice. Women were studied because previous research on emotion demonstrates that women are more discerning of moods, more willing to participate in studies on moods and more involved in emotional management within the home and at work.

Flower Deliveries

Study participants knew they would have a gift delivered, but they did not know what the gift would be. This "secrecy" was to obtain an honest first reaction to the gift as a measure of the direct effect of flowers on immediate mood.

Immediate Emotional Reaction

Trained researchers measured the behavior and emotional expression of participants when they received the flowers. Three different smiles as well as verbal reactions were coded upon the delivery of the flowers. The information was recorded into a field computer within the first 5 seconds of the flower delivery, to measure accurately the first, immediate reaction.

Polite Smile: This is used most commonly in quick greetings or acknowledgements. No discernable facial movement is present except the turning up of the corners of the mouth.

True Smile: This is seen when there are possible changes in behavior indicating pleasure. Hence it is called "true" - the person is truly happy.

Excited Smile: This smile combines two emotions - excitement and happiness. Here we see the true smile, but also the eyebrows are raised so that there are high, horizontal wrinkles across the forehead.

Interviews

The participants were interviewed before getting their gifts, to give the research team a "baseline" of measure. From this, the researchers measured how feelings changed when participants had flowers in their homes. In the initial interview, interviewers asked the participants to evaluate their feelings over the past two to four days to assess their overall, general feelings. Then, several days after the gift was delivered (about 10 days after the first interview) participants were interviewed again to measure changes in feelings related to having flowers in the home.

Questionnaires

The following questionnaires were asked of participants: Diener and Lerner's Life Satisfaction questionnaire, Izard's Differential Emotion Scale, the Everyday Illness questionnaire, and the Symptoms of Well-Being questionnaire - which covers entertaining, romance, relaxation, intimate and creative experiences.